CAR Votes To Heal Nation Torn By Sectarian Bloodshed

The vote follows a referendum on constitutional change that was backed by 93 percent of voters, reflecting the popular desire for a return to normal life ©Issouf Sanogo (AFP)

The Central African Republic holds key presidential and parliamentary elections on Wednesday under tight security, hoping to finally usher in stability after nearly 50 years of coups, bloodshed and unrest. The vote follows a referendum on constitutional change that was backed by 93 percent of voters, reflecting the popular desire for a return to normal life.

AFP report continues:

Three men are tipped as front-runners in a race with 30 presidential candidates. All are experienced politicians who have held high-profile posts, and one comes from the small Muslim minority.

Violence has gripped the mineral-rich but dirt-poor country since long-serving president Francois Bozize was ousted in March 2013 by a mainly Muslim rebel alliance, the Seleka, which installed Michel Djotodia, the first Muslim head of state of a mostly Christian country.

Djotodia quit in January 2014 after disbanding the Seleka, but attacks on Christians by rogue Muslim forces led to brutal reprisals against Muslim districts by "anti-balaka" ("anti-machete") militias from Christian communities.

Thousands were slaughtered in a spiral of atrocities that drove about one in 10 of the population of 4.8 million to flee their homes, in a country that has been wracked by unrest since its 1960 independence from France.

Christians and Muslims alike came forward on a massive scale to ensure their names were on the electoral roll and to collect their voters' cards, many saying they never again wanted to hear gunfire or other manifestations of violence.

The vote, originally due to have been held on Sunday, was postponed by three days for logistical and security reasons.

Electoral officials had called for the delay because voting materials were not reaching isolated areas and some voters' cards had yet to be printed and handed out, while polling station staff needed last-minute training.

Despite the presence of 11,000 UN and French peacekeepers, large chunks of the country remain out of bounds, either under the control of rebel chieftains or bandits.

- Cash and T-shirts -

At least 1,800 candidates are in the fray for a place in the 105-seat National Assembly, but by the weekend, the National Elections Authority (ANE) had not cleared a valid final roster for the parliamentary polls.

Two of the three men far ahead of the crowd in the presidential race were prime ministers under late president Ange-Felix Patasse: Anicet Georges Dologuele and Martin Ziguele, who are both Christian.

The third, Abdoul Karim Meckassoua, is a Muslim with a serious chance in the race. He served Bozize from 2003-13 in succesive posts, including as foreign minister.

Up to the end of campaigning late Monday, candidates were handing out cash and T-shirts in Bangui and in remote provinces for those who could afford to use aircraft instead of gutted roads.

The three previous presidents are barred from standing again: former Bangui mayor Catherine Samba Panza, who has overseen a political transition, as well as Bozize and Djotodia.

Bozize and Djotodia are both in exile and both face UN and US sanctions stemming from violence. The latter stepped down under strong foreign pressure after failing to rein in forces that led to fears of genocide along religious fault lines.

The Central African Republic's own security forces -- the army, the police and the paramilitary gendarmerie -- have begun to patrol areas where tension remains high between ex-Seleka and anti-balaka elements.

These national troops are also going into the flashpoint PK-5 Muslim enclave in Bangui, where ex-Seleka hardliners killed five people for wanting to vote on referendum day.

France's Operation Sangaris has deployed troops in Bossangoa, Bozize's former stronghold in the west, and at Kaga Bandoro, a strategic town where ex-Seleka forces remain strong.

The outcome of the referendum was announced eight days after the vote, but the National Elections Authority is likely to need more time before it can release the results of the presidential and legislative polls given the huge number of candidates.

Observers anticipate that a second round will prove necessary in the presidential race and expect it to be held by the end of January.

French soldiers patrol the PK5 Muslim district in Bangui as supporters of Central African Republic presidential candidate Karim Meckassoua hold a campaign meeting ©Issouf Sanogo (AFP)

C. Africa Wracked By Decades Of Strife, Mismanagement

AFP reports that volatile Central African Republic, which votes for a new president and parliament Wednesday, is rich in natural resources but mired in biting poverty largely due to chronic unrest.

These are the major issues facing the country:

- Instability -

The most recent unrest came after longtime president Francois Bozize, a Christian, was overthrown in March 2013 by Muslim rebels from the Seleka coalition, who were in turn ousted a year later by a military intervention led by former colonial ruler France.

The events sparked the bloodiest sectarian violence in the country's history as Christian militias sought revenge against their mainly Muslim foes.

Central Africa's troubles started back in December 1965, five years after independence, when President David Dacko was ousted by Jean-Bedel Bokassa.

Bokassa took charge in January 1966 and crowned himself emperor in 1977 in a wildly extravagant ceremony that made waves around the world.

His reign was marked by bloodshed, notably the 1979 massacre of school children who refused to buy school uniforms from a firm owned by one of his wives.

The French drove Bokassa out on September 20, 1979, while he was on a visit to Libya. Dacko was reinstated, but two years later forced to hand power over to senior military officers.

A multi-party system was unveiled in 1991, but then three mutinies in 1996-97 were followed by a failed coup in 2001. Bozize, a former military chief, rebelled and took over in 2003.

Several more rebellions followed, starting in September 2005, and France intervened with help from Chadian soldiers in November 2006 to recapture towns in the north that had fallen to rebel forces.

Bozize was re-elected in 2011, though the vote was marred by fraud, and in March 2013, Seleka rebels seized the capital Bangui and Michel Djotodia proclaimed himself president.

Christians who comprise about 80 percent of the population organized vigilante units dubbed "anti-balaka", in reference to the machetes used by the rebels.

The Christian militias then began to target Muslims, plunging the country into a crisis that ended when French troops backed by a UN mandate stepped in once again on December 5, 2013.

Parliament then elected Bangui mayor Catherine Samba-Panza as interim president.

In mid-December this year, a constitutional referendum on limiting the president's tenure was approved by a large majority, clearing the way for Wednesday's parliamentary and presidential polls.

- Poverty -

The chronic crises have greatly harmed key sectors, and economic activity now comprises mainly subsistence agriculture.

Almost 70 percent of the country's 4.8 million inhabitants live in poverty, and in 2014 the World Bank estimated per capita income at US$320 (€295), making it one of the world's poorest countries.

It nonetheless possesses substantial resources, including uranium, diamonds, gold and timber.

Administrations have been paralyzed by the unrest, and the customs, tax and public treasury services are unable to collect funds needed to pay salaries and pensions.

Gross domestic product (GDP) plunged by 36 percent amid the unrest in 2013, but managed to expand by a slight 1.0 percent last year.

- Insecurity -

The country's armed forces are estimated to number about 8,000, backed up by 900 French troops and an 11,000-strong UN force dubbed MINUSCA.

They have stabilized the situation, but do not control the entire country, which covers almost 623,000 square kilometres (241,000 square miles) -- a little less than Afghanistan or Chile.